Thursday, September 8, 2016

NATA coaching in Dombivli, Thane

NATA / BFA CET students, your attention please.

This blog is exclusively made to help the students to prepare for these exams for their own learning purpose and not for the institutes to copy content from. All the content on this blog is original and created by continuous research based on own teaching experience. It is not copied from any other websites. It is observed in the past few years that some institutes in Thane are copying material / content from here and posting on their websites with their watermarks pretending the material to be their own. Such fake and stealthy institutes having no content, ideas, skills of their own are warned hereby that running such institutes is a crime and they are fooling the students and their parents in the name of teaching.

Students, parents are advised not to get carried away by attractive and false advertising by such institutes. The claims made by these institutes in their advertising and on their websites are false.Please keep in mind that the genuine and sincerely teaching institutes like Unmesh Inamdar Art Academy, Dombivli, never make huge advertising for admissions. Students come here on recommendations of the past students of this institute. Institutes whose past students never recommend it to the other students need to make huge and attractive advertising with false claims to trap students even for comparatively less number of seats.

Thank you,

Unmesh Inamdar


Friday, March 18, 2016

JEE Paper 2 Architecture Question Papers

Students appearing for JEE Paper 2 Architecture can download previous years' question papers from the links given below.
2015 (10.0 MB)
2014 (4.0 MB)
2013  (4,4 MB)
2012  (4.0 MB)
2011  (3.3 MB)
2010  (4.1 MB)  
2008  (2.3 MB)
2007  (3.5 MB)
2006  (1.9 MB)
2005  (1.3 MB)
Please print the papers and attempt to solve.

Thursday, March 28, 2013

Art outside India

Cave Paintings
Like we have seen cave paintings of  Bhimbetka in Madhya Pradesh, There are paleolithic paintings in Lascaux in France.They have great importance in the history of human culture.
Lascaux is the setting of a complex of caves in southwestern France famous for its Paleolithic cave paintings. They contain some of the best-known Upper Paleolithic art. These paintings are estimated to be 17,300 years old.
Let us find more information and photos of Lascaux here.


There are similar cave paintings painted by paleolithic men at Altamira in Spain. Archaeological excavations in the cave floor found rich deposits of Upper Solutrean (c. 18,500 years ago) and Lower Magdalenean(between c. 16,500 and 14,000 years ago) artifacts. These artifacts are part of the Paleolithic Age, or Old Stone Age. The cave was inhabited only by wild animals in the long period between these two occupations. The site was well positioned to take advantage of the rich wildlife that grazed in the valleys of the surrounding mountains as well as permitting the occupants to supplement their diet with food from nearby coastal areas. Around 13,000 years ago a rockfall sealed the cave's entrance preserving its contents until its eventual discovery which was caused by a nearby tree falling and disturbing the fallen rocks. See photos and more info here. 


Egyptian Paintings
Ancient Egyptian paintings are 4000 to 5000 years old. Many ancient Egyptian paintings have survived due to Egypt's extremely dry climate. The paintings were often made with the intent of making a pleasant afterlife for the deceased. The themes included journey through the afterworld or protective deities introducing the deceased to the gods of the underworld (such as Osiris). Some tomb paintings show activities that the deceased were involved in when they were alive and wished to carry on doing for eternity.
           
All Egyptian reliefs were painted, and less prestigous works in tombs, temples and palaces were just painted on a flat surface. Stone surfaces were prepared by whitewash. Some finer limestones could take paint directly. Pigments were mostly mineral, chosen to withstand strong sunlight without fading. The binding medium used in painting remains unclear: egg tempera and various gums and resins have been suggested. It is clear that true fresco, painted into a thin layer of wet plaster, was not used. Instead the paint was applied to dried plaster. More Info        Photos


Egyptian Architecture and Sculpture.
The Nile valley has been the site of one of the most influential civilizations which developed a vast array of diverse structures encompassing ancient Egyptian architecture. Basic information of the following architectural monuments of Egypt are important for every student of CET Architecture and NATA.
The Great Pyramid of Giza       Photos
Tomb of Tutamkhamen
The face of Pharaoh Tutankhamun is displayed in a climate-controlled case at his tomb in the Valley of the Kings, close to Luxor, 500 kms south of Cairo, 04 November 2007. The true face of ancient Egypt's boy king Tutankhamun was revealed today to the public for the first time since he died in mysterious circumstances more than 3,000 years ago. The pharaoh's mummy was moved from its ornate sarcophagus in the tomb where its 1922 discovery caused an international sensation to a nearby climate-controlled case where experts say it will be better preserved.
Great Sphinx of Giza
Temples in Abu Simbel      Photos
Guri-amir-mausoleum       Info     3D Panorama





European Artists and their Art
Leonardo da Vinci  (April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519) was an Italian polymath: painter, sculptor,architect, musician, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist and writer.
His most famous artworks are
Monalisa
The last supper
Virgin of the rocks
Vitruvian Man


Michelangelo  (6 March 1475 – 18 February 1564), was an Italian Renaissance painter, sculptor, architect, poet, and engineer. Despite making few forays beyond the arts, his versatility in the disciplines he took up was of such a high order that he is often considered a contender for the title of the archetypal Renaissance man, along with fellow Italian Leonardo da Vinci.
His famous artworks are
Statue of David
Ceiling paintings of Sistine chapel. 
Pieta
Dome of St. Peter's Basilica

Other famous artists of Europe

Raphael
Rembrandt
El Greco
Édouard Manet
Claude Monet
Vincent Van Gogh
Paul Gauguin
Auguste Rodin
Edvard Munch
Pablo Picasso
Edgar Degas
Renoir




Monday, March 18, 2013

Students' Art Show 2012-13


हे पान माझ्या छोट्या विद्यार्थ्यांसाठी आहे.

माझे छोटे विद्यार्थी व त्यांच्या पालकांचे येथे स्वागत आहे.
ही चित्रफीत आपण येथून मोफत डाऊनलोड करू शकता.
सन २०१२-१३ या संपूर्ण शैक्षणिक वर्षात बालकांनी वर्गात केलेल्या कलाकृती यात आहेत.
प्रत्येक विद्यार्थ्याच्या कामाचा दर्जा व प्रगती यात दिसून येईल.
या चित्रफितीत प्रत्येक इयत्तेतील पारितोषिकेही जाहीर करण्यात आलेली आहेत.

या चित्रफितीचे औपचारिक अनावरण शनिवार दि. ३० मार्च २०१३ रोजी वर्गात
सकाळी १० वाजता होणार आहे.
सर्वांना हार्दिक आमंत्रण.

डाऊनलोड इयत्ता १ली व २री

डाऊनलोड इयत्ता ३री व ४थी

डाऊनलोड इयत्ता ५वी

डाऊनलोड इयत्ता ६वी

डाऊनलोड इयत्ता ७वी, ८वी व ९वी

य़ा चित्रफितींवरचा आपला अभिप्राय जरूर कळवा.


धन्यवाद.
उन्मेष इनामदार


This page is for my young students and their parents.


Welcome students and parents,



You can free download your 
Art Show videos 
from this page. These High Resolution Videos contain all the art activity
that was conducted during the year 2012-13. 
Performance and progress of each child in the class can be seen in these videos.
The videos also show the prize winners of the year in each age group.




Inauguration on Saturday, 30 March 2013. At 10 am in the class.
You are cordially invited.

Please click the bellow links to download HR videos.








Your comments on these videos are most welcome.

Thank you.

Unmesh Inamdar 

Tuesday, June 14, 2011

Sample Question Papers for NATA


NATA question papers


Below are the NATA question paper collected from Orkut community in2010.Many of the questions are oftenly repeated so solving these papers will help a lot!This year second question is only about logo designing.For more Question head 'NATA' comm. on Orkut.in

1. imagine tat u r a worm moving in d vegetable market....sketch what u see
2. draw a logo 4 kabbadi game using rectangles,circles and triangles.use only 3 colours
3. using cubes of different sizes create a sense of opening and steps...light and shades
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1. u r 6 cm in size u r standing on the table of an explorer would a world map,2 books,2 pencil, compass, notepad and this table is near a window having partial curtains on
2. draw the logo of a shoe company using circles and triangles only
3. u have 1 empty bowl,1 glass,2 forks,1 spoon and hankerchief draw a 3d compostion giving light and shadow effect like light is coming through your left
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1.Imagine that you are sitting in a merry go round..you can see some food stalls..giant wheel etc..draw the view
2. in the given rectangular box..divide the box using straight and zig zag lines and colour it using 4 colours
3. using 4 parts of a luggage draw a compo ..light is falling from the left side..shade it
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1) there is a inter school quiz competetion going on in an historical school assembly hall.
there are two students in each group n there are three groups. the other three sides of the hall is occupied by audience with the quiz master standing in the middle of one side, you are siting on 2 top row of a side...sketch what you see

2) logo for a TV channel

3)using atleast 4 cylinders show a tall building. show light n shadow.
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1) u r going on a trip in a bus and sitting on the window seat. the bus is passing thru a village... there is an open air cattle market going on in the village. lots of bullocks, buffalos, bullock carts & its spare parts, tea and snack stalls on hand carts.....huge crowd of sellers, customers and visitors.........draw what u see from the window sitting inside the bus....

2) a renowned Indian mobile service company wants to redesign their logo.. draw a logo for them so that it attracts customers of all age groups....color it appropriately....

3) u hav six automobile tyres..arrange them and form a visually attractive sculpture, viewing from one angle and light is coming from the other angle.... show shadow and lightning effect....
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1.imagine u r a fish n u r in aquarium with your fish frndz.....
a family of for is watching u......n a girl of that family is pointing her finger towards u
2.create a logo for motor-cycle company
3.create a sculpture from 4 cubes.but some cubes are opaque n some transparent
give light n shadow.
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1. d quiz question repeatd...
2. mural 4 drama theater lobby....(propotions:10 metre long n 2 metre high)
3. 3 d composition of 3 books, 1 magnifying glass, 1 pair of specs, 1drinking glass and 1 alarm clock....
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1)ur size is 5cm. it is raining. kids are playing with paper boats in puddles. you are sitting on the board and enjoying the ride. the kids are laughingat you. draw what you see!
2)make an interestin 2d composition with 5 playing cards using three colors only!
3)you have three balls, a bat, stumps, and a cap. make a dimension stable arrangement and show the effect of light
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1. You are looking out of a window..It's a normal window with a wooden panel & horizontal bars (grills)..you can see a playground with play equipment & some children playing...beyond that..there is a small building & a hospital after that...Draw your view from your imagination...
2. Design a bed sheet for a children's bedroom using basic geometric shapes.Each shape cannot be used only twice. And maximum 4 colours.
3. You have 4 cubes interlinked to each other..Some are opaque..some are transparent..Draw a stable structure..showing the effect of light & also draw the shades & shadows...
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1) u r visiting a mall where there are food stalls. you are enjoying your cold drink and d mall is open roof.
2) Redesign a logo for a mobile company filling it with colours of your choice so that all generations of people are attracted towards it
3) u r seeing your grandfather's desk where there are three broad books, a pair of specs, a glass of drinking water, a table clock. now rearrange these items to give a sculpture like look. also give 3d effects and shadows.
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1. You-fast food joint-you are at a fast food joint that is open to sky, sitting at a table enjoying cold drink , in a shoping mall/shopping center area, sketch the fast food counter and what you see around
2. logo for motor cycle manufacturing company using circles,rectangles,squares
3. 3D composition of pieces of luggage
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Q1. You are visiting at ur grandparent's town and you visit a river bank with ur friends, u see women washing clothes and some are carrying pots.......and there is a temple at a distance............
so draw this view.

Q2. Re-design a logo for your IPL cricket team

Q3. You have 4 pencils , 4 sharpners, 5 erasers , a pencil holder and some wires........so make a 3-d composition, of an object made of these which can be used to enhance the beauty of children's room ceiling.
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1) you r standing on the footpath,you can see a bus,a motorbike next to it,an auto behind it,two school children crosing the road,zebra crossing on the road,a policeman standing at the meridian! draw what you see from your position!



2)create a signage using aquatic lifeforms like octopus,tortoise,fish etc etc for an aquarium! use line profiles only,no detailing is required! use only three colours!



3)create a 3d composition using an empty bowl,a spoon,two forks,a glass of water and a napkin! show light and shadow!
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1) u r a very naughty boy of 5 yrs of age and your mum kept u on the top of the almari an draw the view of the room u see....

2)using 5 peepal leaves draw any composition using light colour combo...

3)u have 3 cubes and 2 cuboids draw a still composition with light and shadow...
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1.draw a view from key hole of your door
2.snackbar logo
3.3 books,glass of water,glasses
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Below are the NATA question paper collected from Orkut community in2009.Many of the questions are oftenly repeated so solving these papers will help a lot!For more Question head 'NATA' comm. on Orkut.in

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1)You r a baby and your mum is giving you a toy(your in the cradle).
Draw what you see.
2)Using triangles, rectangles,circles,semi-circles,squares.. represent a tree! (use 3 colors only)
3)draw a stable composition using a cricket bat, 3 cricket balls,a cricket cap and stumps!
Show the light and shading effect.


-------------------------------------------------------

Q.1)imagine you are sitting in the rear inside an auditorium and attending a dance program.Sketch a view from your position.

Q.2) design a snack bar signage using 2 colors and any three shapes.

Q.3) use 4 cylinders,3 pyramids and 2 cubes to design a stable 3d form.assume light falling from any particular direction and show shade,shadow and light on the objects.

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1]imagine u r standing in front of a rose plant n a coconut tree.............such that the size of the coconut tree is reduced to the size of the rose plant and viceversa

2]design of a saree using triangles n circles,,,,,,,,,,,,,,use 3 colors

3]use 3 candles one square box and 3 prisms...to create 3dimensional form
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1)you r standing in the lobby of a secondary school which s located at d first floor. u r looking at d courtyard which s surrounded by class rooms n play area. draw what u would see..
2) design a mural to b put on d wall of a secondary school using 4 hexagons,3squares,2 circles n colour it using any 3 colors
3)i have a small shelf in my bathroom ( 3" by 6"). i have to keep 3 toothbrushes in a holder,a shampoo bottle,shaving cream,soap dispenser. arrange them in an interesting manner

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1) you are a bird flying over a historical monument. draw what u see.

2)draw a boxing logo for Delhi 2010 using triangles circles and rectangles and any 3 colors of u are choice.
3) draw an interesting 3d figure using 2 square boxes ,one pyramid and one rectangle.
show the effect of light and shade the objects.

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1. Imagine u are standing near the window of your third floor apartment on a rainy day and you are seeing kids playing football in the open space below...sketch wat u see(50)

2.Using 3 alphabets(any 3) and two basic shapes(a triangle and a circle) make a composition and color it with 2 colors..

3. Make a composition using 3 cubes and two square boxes...also show the effect of light and shadow
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1)u r siting on d top of a railway coach and the train is halted at the station...draw what u see.
2)using d parts of a flower design a anchal (palloo) of a saree color it using 3 colors..
3)using 3 cubes and 2 squares draw a 3d composition with d effect of light and shadow..

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i) flag hoisting from your point of view

ii)logo design for a group of hotels

iii)use 7 cylinders to make a stable design
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1) Imagine u r at a lawyers cabin for discussing a case, but there's someone who wants to urgently meet the lawyer so he leaves the cabin for a couple of minutes...to pass ur time u luk at the wall behind his chair. On the wall are racks of books of similar kind neatly arranged, there is notepad, pen stand, telephone & and a few books from the rack on his table. Depict the scene how it will look from you are chair!

2) Design a LOGO FOR THE COMMONWEALTH 2010 for a kabaddi game using circles, rectangles and triangles. use only 3 colours

3) Make a stable 3d composition using 2 pyramids, 3 cubes, 3 cylinders...show the effect of light and shadow

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1. Imagine you are looking through your window in the third floor down which has some children playing football in the rain. Draw what you would see.

2. Using 8 equilateral triangles of various sizes, create an interesting composition

3. Consider 7 cylinders, different sizes and assume the light is falling from a particular place, draw the shadows and shadings.

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-imagine u r a bird and sitting on edge of nest having some eggs.a little curious boy is trying to climb the tree to see what is inside the nest.
-use any basic shape and alphabet in any no to represent logo of a car.

-put together 3 candles,3 prism and 1 sq box to create stable arrangement
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-u r standing in u are balcony which is at d 1st floor and u r looking at bus stop. there r no. of people waiting 4 d bus,its morning time.

-use basic shapes to represent a tree.3 colors

-2 thick books kept vertically on a table and 1 pencil box kept on that books.light coming from L.H.S. at 45 deg.
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1]draw old fort in d ruins2]use curved lined n straight lines only to make a 2d composition depicting 'confusion'.
3]make a stable 3d composition using 4 earthen pots of any shape n size,show shadow n shading.

-----------------------------------------------------1)you are a girl and your father is along with you in a zoo and a camel is standing beside ..draw the view.
2)using straight and curved lines indicate the logo ''PEACE''.
3)ON 1 SIDE OF WALL of a table..2 thick books are standing vertically atop a pencil box placed.draw it with light and shade...
-----------------------------------------------------




Friday, May 27, 2011

Illusions

We believe in what we see. Still there are some conditions in which human eyes can be fooled. This is called illusions.
Here are some examples of Illusion.

Is this moving?




How many grey dots are there in the above picture?







Mark left and right legs of the elephant.



Are the buds in the above picture moving or still?



Can you believe that square 'A' and square 'B' are of same darkness?






Are the horizontal lines in the above picture parallel to each other?





Which circle is bigger? Black one,or white one?






A brain teaser.

Saturday, May 14, 2011

BFA CET Question papers.

Some of you may also want to appear for Commercial (Applied) Art / Fine Art CET. Here are the previous years' Question papers available for free download. To download click this link.

Wednesday, May 11, 2011

Perspective Drawings

Here are some artists who are masters in Perspective drawing.
View their portfolios on the following links.

Ravi Paranjape


Ambadas Bidkar


Also visit  this site.

Tuesday, April 26, 2011

Other Wonderful monuments of the world

Arc de Triomphe  
is one of the most famous monuments in Paris. It honours those who fought and died for France in the French Revolutionary and the Napoleonic Wars, with the names of all French victories and generals inscribed on its inner and outer surfaces. Beneath its vault lies the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier from World War I.                                                          more Photos


Eiffel Tower

is apuddle iron tower located on the Champ de Mars in Paris. Built in 1889, it has become both a global icon of France and one of the most recognizable structures in the world. The tower is the tallest building in Paris and the most-visited paid monument in the world; millions of people ascend it every year. Named for its designer, engineer Gustave Eiffel, the tower was built as the entrance arch to the 1889 World's Fair.
The tower stands 324 metres (1,063 ft) tall, about the same height as an 81-storey building. Upon its completion, it surpassed the Washington Monument to assume the title of tallest man-made structure in the world, a title it held for 41 years, until the Chrysler Building in New York City was built in 1930; however, due to the addition in 1957 of the antenna, the tower is now taller than the Chrysler Building. Not including broadcast antennas, it is the second-tallest structure in Franceafter the 2004 Millau Viaduct.
The tower has three levels for visitors. Tickets can be purchased to ascend, by stairs or lift, to the first and second levels. The walk to the first level is over 300 steps, as is the walk from the first to the second level. The third and highest level is accessible only by elevator. Both the first and second levels feature restaurants.
The tower has become the most prominent symbol of both Paris and France, often in the establishing shot of films set in the city. Photo



Hagia Sophia 
is a former Orthodox patriarchal basilica, later a mosque, and now a museum in Istanbul, Turkey. From the date of its dedication in 360 until 1453, it served as the cathedral of Constantinople, except between 1204 and 1261, when it was converted to a Roman Catholic cathedral under the Latin Patriarch of Constantinople of the Western Crusader established Latin Empire. The building was a mosque from 29 May 1453 until 1931, when it was secularized. It was opened as a museum on 1 February 1935.   Photos

Mount Rushmore
is a sculpture carved into the granite face of Mount Rushmore near Keystone, South Dakota, in the United States. Sculpted by Gutzon Borglum and later by his son Lincoln Borglum, Mount Rushmore features 60-foot (18 m) sculptures of the heads of former United States presidents (in order from left to right)George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt and Abraham Lincoln. The entire memorial covers 1,278.45 acres (5.17 km2) and is 5,725 feet (1,745 m) above sea level. 




Big Ben 
is the nickname for the great bell of the clock at the north end of the Palace of Westminster in London, and is generally extended to refer to the clock or the clock tower as well. Some believe this extension to be incorrect, but its usage is now entirely commonplace. It is the largest four-faced chiming clock and the third-tallest free-standing clock tower in the world. It celebrated its 150th anniversary in May 2009, during which celebratory events took place. The clock was finished being built on April 10, 1858. The clock tower has become one of the most prominent symbols of both London and England, often in the establishing shot of films set in the city.





Manneken piss
is a famous Brussels landmark. It is a small bronze fountain sculpture depicting a naked little boy urinating into the fountain's basin. It was designed by Jerome Duquesnoy and put in place in 1618 or 1619. It bears a similar cultural significance as Copenhagen's Little Mermaid.


is a monumental sculpture in marble now in the Vatican Museums,Rome. It shows the Trojan priest Laocoön and his sons Antiphantes and Thymbraeus being strangled by sea serpents.


is a skyscraper in Malmö, Sweden, located on the Swedish side of the Öresund strait. It was designed by the Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava and officially opened on 27 August 2005. The tower reaches a height of 190 metres (623 feet) with 54 stories. Upon completion, it was the tallest building in Scandinavia, the tallest residential building in the EU and the second tallest residential building in Europe, after the 264-metre (866 ft) high Triumph-Palace in Moscow. A similar, taller skyscraper featuring a 90° twist is the Infinity Tower, currently under construction in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Prior to the construction of Turning Torso, the 86-metre (282 ft) high Kronprinsen had been the city's tallest building.


Tuesday, April 19, 2011

Amazing views of World heritage sites.

You can view 275 UNESCO declared World Heritage sites at 360 degree 3D panorama X bottom to top 180 degree panorama.


Click on the link below. you will find a search box there. Any place in the world which is declared World Heritage site by UNESCO can be typed into the search box, with in seconds you will discover wonders as if you were really there.


For example type Victoria Terminus in the search box and see the wonderful top to bottom Interior and exteriors of Chatrapati Shivaji terminus, Mumbai.


http://www.world-heritage-tour.org/

Monday, April 18, 2011

Seven Wonders of the World


New Seven Wonders of the World
was a project that attempted to update the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World concept with a modern list of wonders. A popularity poll was led by Canadian-Swiss Bernard Weber and organized by the Swiss-based, government-controlled New7Wonders Foundation, with winners announced on July 7, 2007 in Lisbon.
The New7Wonders Foundation claimed that more than 100 million votes were cast through the Internet or by telephone. Nothing prevented multiple votes, so the poll was considered "decidedly unscientific". According to John Zogby, founder and current President/CEO of the Utica, New York-based polling organization Zogby International, New 7 Wonders Foundation drove the largest poll on record.
 Seven Winners
is a large pre-Columbian archaeological site built by the Maya civilization located in the northern center of the Yucatán Peninsula, in the Yucatán state, present-day Mexico.
......................................................................................
 is a statue of Jesus Christ in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; considered the second largest Art Deco statue in the world. It is 39.6 metres (130 ft) tall, including its 9.5 metres (31 ft) pedestal, and 30 metres (98 ft) wide. It weighs 635 tonnes (625 long,700 short tons), and is located at the peak of the 700-metre (2,300 ft) Corcovado mountain in the Tijuca Forest National Park overlooking the city. A symbol of Christianity, the statue has become an icon of Rio and Brazil It is made of reinforced concrete.
....................................................................................
is an elliptical amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy, the largest ever built in the Roman Empire. It is considered one of the greatest works of Roman architecture and Roman engineering.
Occupying a site just east of the Roman Forum, its construction started in 72 AD under the emperor Vespasian and was completed in 80 AD.
......................................................................................
is a series of stone and earthen fortifications in northern China, built originally to protect the northern borders of the Chinese Empire against intrusions by various nomadic groups. Several walls have been built since the 5th century BC that are referred to collectively as the Great Wall, which has been rebuilt and maintained from the 5th century BC through the 16th century. One of the most famous is the wall built between 220–206 BC by the first Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang. Little of that wall remains; the majority of the existing wall was built during the Ming Dynasty.
....................................................................................
is a pre-Columbian15th-century Inca site located 2,430 metres (7,970 ft) above sea level. It is situated on a mountain ridge above the Urubamba Valley in Peru, which is 80 kilometres (50 mi) northwest of Cusco and through which the Urubamba River flows. Most archaeologists believe that Machu Picchu was built as an estate for the Inca emperor Pachacuti (1438–1472). Often referred to as "The Lost City of the Incas", it is perhaps the most familiar icon of the Inca World.
The Incas started building the "estate" around AD 1400 but abandoned it as an official site for the Inca rulers a century later at the time of the Spanish Conquest. Although known locally, it was unknown to the outside world before being brought to international attention in 1911 by the American historian Hiram Bingham. Since then, Machu Picchu has become an important tourist attraction.
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6. Petra
is a historical and archaeological city in the Jordan. It is known for its rock cut architecture and water conduits system. Established sometime around the 6th century BC as the capital city of the Nabataeans, it is a symbol of Jordan as well as its most visited tourism attraction. It lies on the slope of Mount Hor in a basin among the mountains which form the eastern flank of Arabah (Wadi Araba), the large valley running from the Dead Sea to the Gulf of Aqaba. Petra has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1985.
The site remained unknown to the Western world until 1812, when it was introduced by Swissexplorer Johann Ludwig Burckhardt.
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is a mausoleum located in Agra,India. It is one of the most recognizable structures in the world. It was built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his third wife, Mumtaz Mahal. It is widely considered as one of the most beautiful buildings in the world and stands as a symbol of eternal love.
Taj Mahal is the finest example of Mughal architecture, a style that combines elements from Persian, Islamic and Indian architectural styles.
In 1983, the Taj Mahal became a UNESCO World Heritage Site. While the white domed marble mausoleum is the most familiar component of the Taj Mahal, it is actually an integrated complex of structures. The construction began around 1632 and was completed around 1653, employing thousands of artisans and craftsmen. The construction of the Taj Mahal was entrusted to a board of architects under imperial supervision, including Abd ul-Karim Ma'mur Khan, Makramat Khan, and Ustad Ahmad Lahauri. Lahauri is generally considered to be the principal designer.




Sunday, April 17, 2011

Types of Bridges

There are many types of construction of bridge. Which type is to be used for building a bridge is depending on utilization of the bridge and many  other circumstances.Bridges around the world are built using different types of construction. Some are a combination of two or more types.
Main types of bridge construction are

Truss Bridge 
Cable stayed Bridge
Arch Bridge
Suspension Bridge
Cantilever Bridge

Some of the world famous bridges.

Bosphorus Bridge       This is the only bridge in the world which joins two continents (Asia and Europe)
This was the world's longest bridge when built in 1973. Today it is the world's 16 th longest bridge.


Golden Gate Bridge
This is a suspension bridge spanning the Golden Gate, the opening of theSan Francisco Bay into the Pacific Ocean.  It connects the city of San Francisco on the northern tip of the San Francisco Peninsula to Marin County. The Golden Gate Bridge was the longest suspension bridge span in the world when it was completed in 1937.


Bandra - Worli Sea Link
is a cable-stayed bridge with pre-stressed concrete viaduct approaches, which links Bandra and the western suburbs of Mumbai with Worli and central Mumbai, and is the first phase of the proposed West Island Freeway system.


Donghai Bridge
was the longest cross-sea bridge in the world until Hangzhou Bay Bridge opened on May 1st 2008. It was completed on December 10, 2005. It has a total length of 32.5 kilometres (20.2 miles) and connects mainland Shanghai and the offshoreYangshan deep-water port in China.


Hangzhou Bay Bridge
is a long highway bridge with acable-stayed portion across Hangzhou Bay in the eastern coastal region of China. It connects the municipalities of Jiaxing and Ningbo in Zhejiangprovince. At 35.673 km (22 mi) in length, Hangzhou Bay Bridge is the longest trans-oceanic bridge in the world, but it does not have the longest cable-stayed main span. It is also second in the world in overall length.


Robindra Setu (Howrah Bridge)
Construction of the New Howrah Bridge was started on 1937. The Cantilever Era was prevailing at that time, and engineers felts that cantilever bridges were more rigid than suspension bridges. This bridge is one of the finest cantilever bridges in the world - a gift to India from the Purulian engineers. It is also known as Howrah Bridge.